Egypt\u2019s rights record was reviewed by the UN committee on economic, social and cultural rights last month, where the official delegation\u2019s responses were characterized by the use of outdated information and statistics, and the citing of Mubarak-era policies and programs as the state\u2019s effort to advance economic and social rights, in disregard to the millions who rose up against the Mubarak era, with its widespread impoverishment and inequality.<\/p>\n
The United Nations has raised serious concerns over shortcomings in the provision of a broad range of human rights in Egypt. Last week the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights released the findings of its review after the north African country came before a UN human rights treaty body for the first time since the Arab Spring. The Committee, which is mandated to oversee Egypt\u2019s compliance with its commitments under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, catalogues an array of concerns about the enjoyment of these rights in the country, ranging from rising unemployment, to increasing food insecurity, inadequate affordable housing, low health insurance coverage, and insufficient social assistance programs. Key themes in these concerns included Egypt\u2019s weak legal protection for human rights, its longstanding underinvestment in the social sector, and the exclusion of civil society groups and other stakeholders from policy-making.<\/p>\n
In its assessment, the Committee concluded that Egypt was not adequately investing in economic, social and cultural rights and expressed its concern about wide disparities in the provision of essential services. It noted that persistently low budgetary allocations, especially to health, education, housing, water and sanitation, and social security \u201chas resulted in retrogression in the effective enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the Covenant, disproportionately impacting disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups\u201d. It also criticized reductions in food subsidies and \u201cthe increasing recourse to regressive indirect taxes without prior assessment of their potentially severe human rights impacts and careful consideration of more equitable revenue collection alternatives\u201d.<\/p>\n
In view of this, the Committee recommended that Egypt strengthen its legislation to combat corruption, as well as take international human rights obligations into account when negotiating with international financial institutions, in order to ensure that human rights, especially of the vulnerable groups, are not harmed.<\/p>\n
The Committee also identified a variety of rights not adequately protected under Egyptian law. Criticizing Egypt\u2019s Labor Law, which limits freedom of association and union plurality and imposes restrictions on the right to strike, the Committee called on Egypt to amend its Labor Law and Trade Union Act, for example. It also expressed its concern that the low \u201clegal minimum wage does not guarantee a decent standard of living and is not linked to inflation rates\u201d, and \u201conly applies to the public sector\u201d, also noting the lack of adequate safeguards to regulate conditions of large numbers of workers employed in the informal sector.<\/p>\n
The Committee called on Egypt to establish a legal entitlement to security of tenure, to combat the \u201cwidespread\u201d practice of forced evictions and to provide remedy, restitution and compensation to individuals and families that have been subjected to this practice. In addition, it flagged areas where legislation was not being effectively implemented, recommending that Egypt ensure better enforcement of legal sanctions to address the high incidence of child labor, violence against women, and female genital mutilation, for example. Failure to protect places of worship, particularly Copt churches, was another concern raised by the Committee.<\/p>\n
The Committee also repeatedly stressed the need for more transparent, participatory, and evidence-based policy-making. In particular, it recommended that civil society be afforded meaningful channels for participating in the budget formulation and policy making and called for better collection of disaggregated data, in order to monitor the implementation of relevant laws and policies. For example, the Committee urged Egypt \u201cto develop, in consultation with civil society, a coherent market policy for addressing unemployment\u201d, in particular aimed at women and youth.<\/p>\n
The UN Committee\u2019s recommendations follow its dialogue with an Egyptian government delegation on November 14. The delegation, which included several diplomats from the Egyptian Mission in Geneva, representatives from the ministries of Health, Education and International Cooperation, and was headed by Assistant to Deputy of Minister of Foreign Affairs on Human Rights and Civil Society, was criticized by the Committee for not supplying up-to-date information on the situation of a range of human rights. However, the Committee members benefited from a detailed analysis provided in a joint civil society report, endorsed by a broad coalition of 58 national and international civil society organizations, which was submitted to the Committee in advance of the dialogue.<\/p>\n
The Committee\u2019s findings demonstrate that successive post-revolution administrations have failed to take meaningful steps to address the social injustices that fuelled the revolution\u2014injustices in employment, housing, healthcare, education and living standards. These shortcomings are not only a betrayal of the demands of the revolution, but are also, as the recommendations show, in violation of Egypt\u2019s international human rights obligations. Concrete measures, such as progressive fiscal policy reforms, are needed to finally confront the entrenched social injustices that characterized the Mubarak era. Implementing the recommendations of the Committee is an important step towards securing these fundamental reforms.<\/p>\n